1.What are the early symptoms of penile cancer?
Early-stage penile cancer presents as erythema, papules, ulcers, or cauliflower-like growths on the glans or foreskin.Foul-smelling discharge and bleeding from beneath the foreskin may occur.Symptoms may also include pain, difficulty urinating, and inguinal masses.
2.What causes penile cancer?
HPV infection—particularly with the HPV16 genotype—is a significant cause.Redundant foreskin and phimosis increase risk due to chronic irritation from smegma accumulation.Smoking is also a risk factor.
3.What are the surgical treatment options for penile cancer?
Early-stage tumors can be treated with partial penectomy to preserve the ability to urinate while standing and maintain sexual function.Laser surgery or Mohs surgery is used for small, superficial tumors.
4.What is minimally invasive treatment for penile cancer?
Laser surgery can excise superficial early-stage tumors while preserving the penile appearance.Mohs micrographic surgery involves layer-by-layer excision and examination to maximize the preservation of normal tissue.
5.Will urination and sexual function be affected after surgery for penile cancer?
After partial resection, if sufficient length remains, the patient can urinate while standing, and sexual function may be partially preserved.Total resection necessitates urinating in a seated position.Most patients undergoing preservation surgery can maintain some degree of sexual function.
6.Why are inguinal lymph nodes examined in penile cancer?
Inguinal lymph node metastasis is the most important prognostic factor for penile cancer.Physical examination and palpation are used to assess lymph node status, supplemented by CT or ultrasound imaging.Sentinel lymph node assessment helps detect early metastasis.
7.Follow-up after penile cancer treatment?
Regularly examine the penile stump and inguinal lymph nodes post-surgery—every 3 months during the first two years.Monitor for local recurrence and lymph node enlargement.Maintain local hygiene.
