1. What are the early symptoms of endometrial cancer?
The most common symptom is abnormal uterine bleeding. Postmenopausal bleeding requires particular vigilance. Premenopausal patients may have irregular, prolonged, or heavier periods.
2. What causes endometrial cancer?
It is associated with prolonged estrogen stimulation. Obesity, diabetes, and hypertension are common risk factors.
3. What types of endometrial cancer surgery are available?
Standard surgery is total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, plus pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection or sentinel node assessment to establish stage.
4. What is minimally invasive treatment for endometrial cancer?
Laparoscopy is the main minimally invasive approach for early-stage patients. Robotic surgery provides three-dimensional views and more flexible manipulation, suitable for work deep in the pelvis.
5. Can young patients preserve fertility?
Young patients with very early, well-differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma and a strong wish to conceive may consider fertility-sparing treatment after thorough assessment.
6. Is adjuvant treatment needed after endometrial cancer surgery?
The need depends on pathological stage, histological type, myometrial invasion depth, and nodal status. High-risk patients need adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
7. How can endometrial cancer be prevented?
Healthy weight, regular exercise, and control of glucose and blood pressure reduce risk. Abnormal uterine bleeding warrants prompt investigation. Postmenopausal women should avoid estrogen-only replacement.
